Patterns of Medical Care Cost by Service Type for Patients With Recurrent and De Novo Advanced Cancer

ObjectivesThere is limited knowledge about the cost patterns of patients who receive a diagnosis of de novo and recurrent advanced cancers in the United States.MethodsData on patients who received a diagnosis of de novo stage IV or recurrent breast, colorectal, or lung cancer between 2000 and 2012 from 3 integrated health systems were used to estimate average annual costs for total, ambulatory, inpatient, medication, and other services during (1) 12 months preceding de novo or recurrent diagnosis (preindex) and (2) diagnosis month through 11 months after (postindex), from the payer perspective. Generalized linear regression models estimated costs adjusting for patient and clinical factors.ResultsPatients who developed a recurrence <1 year after their initial cancer diagnosis had significantly higher total costs in the preindex period than those with recurrence ≥1 year after initial diagnosis and those with de novo stage IV disease across all cancers (all P < .05). Patients with de novo stage IV breast and colorectal cancer had significantly higher total costs in the postindex period than patients with cancer recurrent in <1 year and ≥1 year (all P < .05), respectively. Patients in de novo stage IV and those with recurrence in ≥1 year experienced significantly higher postindex costs than the preindex period (all P < .001).ConclusionsOur findings reveal distinct cost patterns between patients with de novo stage IV, recurrent <1-year, and recurrent ≥1-year cancer, suggesting unique care trajectories that may influence resource use and planning. Future cost studies among patients with advanced cancer should account for de novo versus recurrent diagnoses and timing of recurrence to obtain estimates that accurately reflect these care pattern complexities.     

直肠癌新辅助放疗研究进展

在过去的近40年里，直肠癌的治疗方案逐渐标准化。大多数早期直肠癌患者仅通过手术即可得到充分的治疗。然而，相当比例的直肠癌患者处于局部进展期，此类患者需要行新辅助治疗。直肠癌的新辅助放射治疗已被证明能有效地降低患者术前肿瘤分期、改善患者生存以及降低直肠癌局部复发率等，随之而来的是患者放疗后出现的不同程度的放疗不良反应，但随着放射治疗规范化、放射治疗技术及设备的改进，放疗不良反应严重程度在逐渐降低。本文就新辅助放疗中的放疗方案的选择、放射治疗技术、放疗不良反应、放疗后的手术时间以及放疗后的观察与等待等问题的最新研究进展进行了系统性的综述，从而为临床直肠癌新辅助治疗提供有力依据。     

基层医生的儿童功能性便秘诊疗能力研究

背景 功能性便秘（FC）是儿童常见健康问题，也是儿童父母在基层医疗卫生机构门诊就诊中咨询频率较高的问题。尽管便秘不是急症，但如果处理不当，可能会引起严重的并发症，进而影响儿童及其家庭的生活质量。 目的 了解基层医生的儿童FC诊疗水平，为针对性提高基层医生的儿童FC诊疗与管理能力提供依据。 方法 于2020年7月，在北京市西城区基层医疗卫生机构中选取在日常诊疗中能接触到儿童患者的医生130例。采用本研究组自行设计的问卷对纳入医生开展调查，内容包括对≥6个月儿童FC诊断中常见症状的认知，以及对儿童FC的推荐治疗方法、推荐治疗药物、药物治疗时机及治疗持续时间等。 结果 108例（83.1%）基层医生的问卷被有效回收，其中全科医生34例（31.5%）、儿科医生30例（27.8%）、中医科医生30例（27.8%），平均每月门诊接触儿童患者（10.1±4.4）例。对于儿童FC的诊断：当≥6个月患儿出现排便次数少、大便坚硬、排便时出血、大便失禁、排便困难、排出稠便前哭泣症状时，分别有40.7%（44/108）、39.8%（43/108）、23.1%（25/108）、9.3%（14/108）、39.8%（43/108）、23.1%（25/108）的基层医生会考虑将其诊断为FC；51.9%（56/108）的基层医生认为同时存在排便次数少、排便困难两种症状时可诊断为FC；25.0%（27/108）的基层医生认为，同时存在排便次数少、大便坚硬、排便时出血、排便困难4种症状时可诊断为FC。对于儿童FC的治疗：37.0%（40/108）的基层医生推荐将药物治疗作为儿童FC的首选治疗方法；63.0%（68/108）的基层医生推荐将非药物治疗作为首选治疗方法，其中88.2%（60/68）推荐腹部按摩，85.3%（58/68）推荐高纤维饮食，82.4%（56/68）推荐如厕训练，72.1%（49/68）推荐增加液体摄入量。75.9%（82/108）的基层医生推荐使用乳果糖治疗；27.8%（30/108）的基层医生推荐联合应用柠檬酸钠、十二烷基磺基乙酸钠、山梨糖醇的微灌肠为直肠治疗方法，64.8%（70/108）的基层医师建议在患儿排便特别困难时进行直肠给药。基层医生认为，患儿开始治疗到有阳性反应的平均时间为（4.1±2.6）d；基层医生对儿童FC的平均治疗时间为（21.2±4.3）d；88.9%（96/108）的基层医生认为，便秘平均平均治疗（46.0±9.3）d可终止；当排便频率和/或稠度恢复正常/患者不再有不适时，88.9%（96/108）的基层医生会考虑停止治疗。 结论 尽管基层医生对儿童FC的诊断和治疗有一定认识，但总体认知水平有待提高。建议进一步提升现有基层医生对儿童FC的认知和综合管理能力，并制定基层医疗卫生机构的儿童FC综合管理模式，以提高对儿童FC的管理水平，从而降低患病率、提升治愈率。     

腹腔镜下直肠癌保肛术治疗直肠癌的效果观察

目的探讨腹腔镜下直肠癌保肛术治疗直肠癌的效果。方法选定2018年9月-2019年4月本院收诊的94例直肠癌患者,等距抽样法分为对照组(47例,套入式吻合保肛术)与观察组(47例,腹腔镜下直肠癌保肛术)2组,比较2组排气时间、术中出血量、手术时间、并发症发生率指标。结果观察组排气时间、术中出血量、手术时间、并发症发生率均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜下直肠癌保肛术可提高直肠癌患者预后质量与治疗效果。     

Preservation of Denonvilliers' fascia for nerve‐sparing laparoscopic total mesorectal excision: A neuro‐histological study

Urogenital complications due to pelvic autonomic nerve damage frequently occur following rectal surgery. We investigated whether total mesorectal excision (TME) with preservation of the Denonvilliers' fascia (DVF) can effectively prevent the removal of pelvic autonomic nerves through microscopy. Twenty consecutive male patients with mid‐low rectal cancer who received TME with preservation or resection of the Denonvilliers' fascia (P and R groups, respectively) were included. Serial transverse sections from surgical specimens were studied histologically. Nerve fibers at the surfaces of the mesorectum were counted. Clinical correlation between the amount of nerve fibers removed and post‐operative sexual function was analyzed. Nerve fibers closely localized to the DVF in the R group displaying rich erectile activity (positive anti‐nNOS immunostaining). At the anterior surface of the mesorectum, the mean numbers of nNOS‐positive nerve fibers per specimen in the P group were significantly lower than the R group (3.0 ± 1.8 vs. 5.0 ± 2.3, P < 0.05). Compared to the R group, patients in the P group had higher IIEF scores and better erectile function at 3 and 6 months post‐operatively. The DVF is a key risk zone for pelvic denervation during laparoscopic TME. Preservation of the DVF can prevent the removal of autonomic nerves and protect post‐operative erectile function. Clin. Anat. 32:439–445, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.